Reflection of how I have put principle of nursing - principle E Essay

Reflection of how I have put principle of nursing - principle E effective communication into practice in the placement - Essay Example When I began to inculcate Principle E in my practice, the strongest motivator to do so was poor patient outcomes. Communication difficulties affect patient outcomes (Casey & Wallis 2011, p. 35). So, when things started going wrong, I used Principle E to control situation. The most important concern for me when I started to use Principle E was related to lack of confidence among nurses. I noticed that my fellow nurses lacked basic skills of communication which restricted them from confidently reporting patient information to doctors. Because there was no confidence in their reporting, there was also the problem of poor documentation. Reporting and documentation should be both perfectly clear to improve patient outcomes because they directly affect patient health (Bell & Jones 2007, p. 487). I realized that communication difficulties were at the root of both problems. This practical experience helped me in getting acquainted with the efficacy of Principle E. Patients report dissatisfaction with the way they are provided care when errors are not reported by nurses. Fear inhibits reporting (Barnsteiner 2011). I noticed that without proper implementation of Principle E, patient privacy also becomes a big concern. This is because I came across breaches in patient confidentiality sometimes, but tracking them down revealed to me that they never got reported. This was due to unprofessional execution of duties. I used Principle E to solve this problem because it stresses that patient information should be handled very sensitively and discreetly (Casey & Wallis 2011, p. 36). It is the subtle deficiencies in the way we communicate which go on to present the biggest challenges to nurses. There are confusions and misunderstandings. I dealt with them by practicing Principle E in accordance with NMC standards. For example, one NMC standard promotes that a nurse should become an advocate for people in his/her care and should hasten to

Obstacles Teachers May Face Essay Example for Free

Obstacles Teachers May Face Essay The process of how an individual learns is based on the theories surrounding behaviorism, conditioning, modeling and self regulation. Students can be problematic if proper resolutions aren’t put in place when a dilemma arises. There is a great emphasis on the importance and relevance in motivating the students in the classroom. Without the knowledge of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation and what drives students to learn, teachers may not know what inspires or how to encourage students to work to the best of their ability. Teachers must portray themselves in a professional manner at all times, whether they are dealing with students, parents or colleagues. Professionalism can be defined in several ways and some characteristics of a professional teacher include being committed to learners in a way that incorporates a code of ethics, have the ability to make routine and efficient decisions in a complex and ill-defined situation, conduct a critical self examination of one’s teachings, i. . reflective practice, and acquire the element of professional knowledge to constantly improve, develop and expand one’s methods of teaching to maximize learning environments (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. pp, 4 – 6). One obstacle a teacher may face is if he or she gets asked a question that they don’t know the answer to. Students look up to teachers and depend on them for the knowledge they require (Yero, J. L. , 2002. P173). Understanding each topic is simply not enough; a teacher needs to be able to represent topics in an understandable way that is appropriate to the age of the learner. For example, the solution to explaining how to multiply numbers is to firstly acquire the knowledge of content then illustrate how to multiply the numbers. This is referred to as pedagogical knowledge. Pedagogical knowledge requires the teacher to understand principles of instructional strategies and classroom management. Involving each student in the learning process in order to enhance productive learning comes with knowledge and experience. Instructional strategies that promote productive learning include: selecting topics that are important for students to learn, provide clear learning objectives and prepare learning activities respectively, design assessments that relate to the workload and maintain the instructional alignment between the three, i. e. the connection between learning objectives, learning activities and assessments (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. pp390 – 394). A teacher must have a positive and caring attitude, be organized, communicate effectively, respect and encourage rather than punish and constantly question and prompt incorrect answers to manage a productive classroom (Nelson, J. , Lott, L. Glen, S. p20-27). Identifying clear standards of acceptable behavior i. e. rules, be supportive to each student and create a sense of equilibrium are all strategies to ensure a produc tive and manageable classroom. The aim of all teachers is to promote as much learning as possible. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that learning is â€Å"influenced by stimuli from the environment† (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p,164). For example, feeling nervous before an exam is a learned behavior due to previous experiences/knowledge of exams. This feeling is involuntary to the individual, and it is referred to as classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can be positive or negative, depending on which, it can have different effects on the learner. If the teacher uses positive reinforcement within the classroom the students will gradually associate learning to the teacher’s manner and thus feel safe within the classroom resulting in a productive learning environment. In contrast negative or non-reinforcement results in the cessation of a behavior and results in a classroom environment that is not productive. Children learn acceptable behaviors through observing adults, therefore teachers are role models, and it is important for a teacher to demonstrate respect, tolerance, and values to motivate learning (Call, N. Featherstone, S. 2004 p. 47). Cognitive modeling is essential to the learning process as teachers use this to perform a demonstration and verbalize the thinking behind the actions taken (Eggan, P. Kauchak. D. , 2010. p. 182). An obstacle one may face is if some children are having trouble learning how to pass a netball to one another. Often, children instinctively bounce the ball, instead of passing it, as clas sical conditioning has taught them to do so from a young age. The teacher must describe one’s thoughts of how to pass a netball, whilst performing the action, which in turn encourages students to verbalize their understandings in any situation, resulting in a productive learning environment. Modeling is the key concept of social cognitive theory. Cognitive, behavioral and emotional change in children is a result of observing models. Modeling affects people by learning new behaviors, facilitating existing behaviors, changing inhibitions and by arousing emotions (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 183). These observations lead to learner expectations, which in turn are accomplished through self-regulation. Settings goals and monitoring that progress is an essential element of learning. The student observes another student passing the netball. He then models the observation, uses that experience to expand his knowledge thus takes responsibility and control of his learning. Teaching is constantly developing and changing, and the need for motivation is a necessary procedure to support and increase student learning and the teaching process. A common obstacle teacher’s face is how to motivate uninterested and unengaged students. Some students seem naturally enthusiastic about learning, but many need or expect their instructors to inspire, challenge and stimulate them. An unmotivated student is likely to choose work that is inappropriately easy, show a negative attitude, give up quickly and leave tasks unfinished. This can disrupt the students around him and cause interruptions in the learning environment (Nelson, J. Lott L. , Glenn, S. 1997 p. 72). There are two broad forms of motivation; extrinsic – where some students will be motivated by the approval of others, for example, by getting a good grade, and intrinsic motivation, where the learner studies in order to understand the content presented to them because they like the challenge and want to perform (Eggen, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 287). To encourage students to become self motivated and independent learners, teachers can give frequent, early, positive feedback. This supports the students beliefs’ that they can, and are doing well as viewed by the humanistic theory of motivation. The teacher can also help students find personal meaning and value in the material as viewed by cognitive and social cognitive theory of motivation, and create an atmosphere that is open and positive which help students feel that they are a valued member of the learning community which is based on the socioculural theory of motivation. In addition, a teacher can ensure opportunities for students’ success by assigning tasks that are neither too easy nor too difficult which is a view shared by behaviorist theories (Eggen, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 289). It must be understood that individuals are motivated through a wide variety of needs. While teachers can’t make or teach students to be self-motivated, they can encourage and promote this highly desirable trait. To conclude, there are many solutions to the obstacles a teacher may face in a learning environment. A teacher should act and approach a classroom with a professional attitude and an academic manner by being knowledgeable and recognizing the importance for assessing oneself. Teachers must be aware of the influence they make on students’ learning and how to promote positive and engaging classroom environments in order to solve the dilemmas they may be presented with in regards to behaviors students display. Furthermore, teachers need to understand that the process of motivation stems from stimulation, which in turn is followed by an emotional reaction that leads to either a positive or negative behavioral response. By understanding the theories based on solutions to the problems a teacher may face in the classroom, they may have a better chance at expecting when a problem may arise, and resolve the situation immediately.

Proposal for Reality Show

Proposal for Reality Show Melody gear Logline: Thirty simple Australians battle for a chance to get a recording deal with one of the world’s leading music production houses, Sony music. Pitch: Genre: reality Target audience: teens/adults/family Thirty adults are picked from the entire country through auditions. The adults are picked based on their competition to sing and perform to a live audience. Three professional musicians from different genres proceed over the auditions. All Australian citizens are given a fair to chance to participate in the study. The auditions take place for a period of three months countrywide. The initial number of contestants is one thousand two hundred. These people qualified for the first auditions. They are further subjected to more auditions to reduce the number of participants to six hundred contents. The process continuous until the number of participants is down to thirty participants. The process of auditioning is long enough to allow the audience to identify themselves with the participant before the main auditioning starts. The final participants are trained for a period of three weeks before the competition is now aired on Australian broadcasting corporation. The training helps the participants of the competition who will be the characters in the reality show to know how to act in public. The public is involved in the process of selecting the contestants that remain in the house. The thirty contestants are then put in a house that will be their home for the next couple of months. They are provided with all requirements that they will need during the reality show. The thirty contestants are trained on weekdays on various music aspects that help them to compete during the weekends. All the contestants perform a music that is chosen by their musical directors. They perform the song on Saturdays to a live audience. The best performers on Saturdays go back to the house while the poor performers are put on probation. The contestants that are put on probation are expected to perform the following week on Saturday. Four contestants are put on probation simultaneously. They are given a second chance to perform and impress the judges. After their performance, one of the contestants on probation loses their position and is evicted from the house. The fellow contestants have the privilege of saving one of the contestants that are put on probation. The judges save one contestant and the public saves one more contestant. The contestant left out is evicted from the house. The show will air two times in a week for a period forty-five minutes each. The reality show will be hosted by a famous celebrity and will be cohosted by another celebrity of the opposite sex. This aspect is expected to attract the attention of both sexes unlike the programs that are only watched by one of the sexes.The show will attract teenagers, adults and the whole family at large. The audience will have the option of choosing which participant remains in the competition .the audience will decide who will eventually win the competition. To: Australian television network From: media commentator Date: 27 February 2014 Subject: Program pitch proposal Introduction Television industry is a very significant industry to the economy and to the public(Allen Hill, 2004). For instance, candidates for public office use money to create and air television commercials, which in turn build name recognition, promote their issues, and attack their opponents. Television advertising in this environment influences the agenda-setting, learning and voting phases of election campaigns. The commercials of other products such as detergents, household equipment and institutions among other products and services normally utilize the same strategies.The television industry is today an instrument for imposing ideologies on the population it serves. Television influences behaviour through the symbols and messages they broadcast. A single thirty-minuteprogram can take months to produce, starting with research into the target audience and what excites or attracts their attention. Every image and every word is carefully chosen to achieve the best representation of the pro duct and the get the viewer’s interest(Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2000). Television programsare the art and science of impact. Program producers always aim at ensuring that their target audience do not critically think about their programs. They want the message to slip in underneath the radar of critical judgment to achieve the greatest results (Jacka Dolin, 2007). Therefore, advertisers will always make use of emotional messages and images. They also take advantage of the brain’s unconscious processing.Scriptwriters have learnt that there are highly effective techniques they can use with great skill to motivate the audience to alter the way they feel about the programs being aired. If they are successful, the audience will without being aware that they have been influenced, change the way they behave. This process is blind but the manipulators of the process are not. The most effective television programs create an emotional state. Television programs geared towards specific target audience is often visual, interactive, employs catchy slogans, uses celebrities to pitch the products, and is simple yet effective in its language(Holmes Jermyn, 2004). Televised viewing disclosures are supposedly designed to supply consumers with important information for decision-making. Television has the power to persuade since it has features that appeal to our senses. This appeal comes from sound, movement, vision and colour thereby attracting the eye. Television also has a psychological, sociological and visual impact on the young.Due to the above reasons, television industry is a very significant section of the Australian system. It allows the manufactures of goods to display their products to the public. Television industry lubricates productivity by ensuring that buyers meet sellers. In addition, television viewing maintains the culture of a society through the airing of cultural programs. The cultural programs contain val ues that are embraced by the people in the society.The television network in Australia currently comprises of programs that have huge followings by one of the sexes. The programs have either a huge male following or a huge male following. The resulting outcome is that none of the programs has a huge following from the entire Australian population. The industry has therefore no much influence on the citizens of the country. Problem statement The Australian television network is facing increased competition from online digital sources. Technology allows people to stream television networks that are offered in other countries(Skeggs Wood, 2012). Aussies are constantly embracing television programs that are produced in Hollywood. For instance, several online webpage traffic watchers in 2014 indicated that the most watched television program was game of thrones. The program is an epic television program that is developed in Hollywood in the United States.The most watched comedy was reported to be modern family, a program that is also a Hollywood production. The television industry in Australia therefore needs to introduce a new program in their major television network(Turner, 2005). This practice will enable the television network to get more viewers and overcome the international competition.The television network has the advantage of having local actors that they can use in their production. The audience will identify themselves with the local actors.However, the television network will need to come up with an interesting program that will embraced by the entire Aussies population. Reality show choice There has been an increasing interest in reality television shows globally. The genre has the ability of attracting a huge audience. The audience is emotionally attached to the characters of their choice that are in the reality shows(Deaville, 2011).The most interesting fact about reality television shows is the fact that nobody knows the final winner. Both the audience and the producers of the show do not know who is going to be the final winner of the competition. This is because the audience through a valid online voting scheme that is vetted by top statistical organizations determines the final winners(Murray Ouellette, 2004). Furthermore, the contestants are exposed to a range of circumstances to find out how they handle different issues that may arise(Kraidy Sender, 2011). The subsequent interesting fact that sets reality shows above other genres in television programs is the love relationships that are developed by the contestants while they are in the house. The audience is intensively attracted to such relationships and therefore increases their viewing of the program(In Slade, In Narro, In Buchanan, 2014). After the production of the show, people will watch the program for different reasons. True fans of music will watch melody gear because they have a passion of music and hence want to see a good competition between the contesters(Kopp Dawson, 2013). A section of the audience will be attracted to the drama that takes place in the house. For instance, several competitors may develop a serious competition between them and the audience will be attracted to the actions that these contestants will take while they are in the house. Competitive Edge of Melody Gear Since the online streaming requires the services of an internet service producer, the internet service providers in Australia should come up with policies where streaming melody gear will be charged at a very cheaper rate that will allow the people to stream the show at a cheaper rate than the international content. The Australian television network should also approach a programming developer that will come up with an application that will enable the people to stream from their internet enabled devices and not just the conventional desktop computers. The Australian television network should use the following concepts to get a competitive edge against the international online digital streaming content. Currently, the audience can only give their feedback via computers. However, majority of the customers use internet-enabled devices such as smartphones and tablets often than they use computers. There is hence need to develop a mobile application that will enable the audience to watch melody gear from their Internet enabled devices. The proposed mobile application will provide real time processing services. These services will enable several audiences to interact with the system at the same time and get all their feedbacks on claims quickly (Raasch, 2012). The system will employ distributed processing capabilities. These capabilities will make customers interact with the system in such a way that they will think the system is on their computer. They will not be aware that the system is distributed a concept that means other audiences are also accessing the system The new mobile application will require the Australian television network to adjust its website design. This is mainly because the mobile application requires that the website being accessed be responsive so that the customers can get all the programs on the website. Failure to adjust the process would increase the chances of failure of the new program proposed Cochran. (2006). A good responsive design allows the television network to gauge and change centered on the device it is seen from without creating separate sites. Content focused site is the second aspect that will be considered during design of the mobile application. There is a strong positive connection between a superior focus on content and the upsurge use of receptive websites. The site will provide a good web experience for customers. The third trend is increasing custom typography. The typography has been a trend over the past years. It places emphasis of type in mobile web design. Fourthly, a simple flat design should be used. The design tends to use fewer colors and avoids textures, gradients, and shadows. As the web becomes responsive companies should opt for simple designs with flat design elements. Single page scrolling sites is the fifth trend. This trend allows visitors to find everything that they are looking for in the same page. The sixth trend is video usage. The Australian television network should increase the broadband internet speeds and use novel web technologies like HTML5 video. These two practices will increase online video usage. The audience will have the option to send and view television episodes to their friends that do not have internet access. A larger layout, photography, video material, and designs will be available on the mobile application. This trend will help the Australian utilize screen real estate on large screens and escalate usability on lesser displays. The final trend is scalable vector graphics and other vector images. The company needs images that are large enough to look good on large displays. This aspect should however not increase the load times for visitors accessing the site on a mobile device. Vector images however do not provide scalability of photographs. Future designs of vector images are expected to allow the vector images to provide for scalability of photographs (McWherter, 2012). The websites act as a platform for the television network to meet the audience directly. Therefore, the mobile application has to provide a favorable platform for the feedback to take place. A good web design of Australian television network will attract more audience and therefore increase the revenue of the business (Fling, 2009). The fact that the audience can give their feedback and get prompt responses from the website will increase customer satisfaction. The customers will find the process to be convenient and timesaving and will, therefore, choose to watch the program through the mobile application developed and interact with other viewers on the contents of the show. The mobile application would enable faster transfer of information between the audience and the television network. Customers would make their claims, and they would be able to get feedback quicker than the current system. The processes that will be available on the mobile application are not limited. Customers would be able to access all the services with huge convenience that would translate to a higher customer satisfaction level. After adjusting the Australiantelevision network website, the mobile application would now have higher chances of success and hence melody gear will be accessible easily. The mobile application process would follow the stages of system development. All the current inefficiencies will be identified. This process can be achieved by interviewing the audience (Neighbor, Ramsay, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC-TV (Australia), 2002). The new system requirements are defined. The proposed system is then configured to incorporate all the specified requirements. The system is then developed and tested in pilot phases. The pilot phases are significant since it allows the television network to return to the previous system in the event of failure of the new structure. Once the mobile application is up and running, it should be maintained regularly and exhaustively evaluated (McLean-Conner, 2006). Audience The program will attract teenagers, adults and the whole family. The program will be aired at eight in the evening. It will be a rated parental guidance and therefore can be viewed by the whole family(Ouellette, 2013). This aspect will enable the program to attract a huge audience. However, the program would also be aired late in the night at eleven. The content aired at the time would include the love relationships and other adult themes. This move will be to attract the adults while maintaining the standards of television viewing. Majority of the children are often sound asleep at the time and would therefore not have access to this adult version of the program. Challenges Reality television requires a lot partnership with several stakeholders to guarantee success. The Australian television network will therefore need to come with favorable policies while developing the program to ensure its success. The reality show also costs more than other genres hence a sufficient amount of funds and time would be required. Adjusting the website to allow users to stream efficiently from smartphones is time consuming. Recommendations The simultaneous adoption of the program pitch and the adjustment of the Australian television network will guarantee the success of melody gear. The program would win back the audience from the international content. The Australiannetwork should collaborate with IINET to reduce the internet charges required in streaming melody gear and other local content. IINET is one of the leading internet providers in Australia. The partnership between the two organizations will reduce the charges that Aussies will incur while streaming melody gear. This trend will increase the viewers for the program and hence the network would achieve its intended purpose of winning back the audience from online digital streaming competitors. References Allen,R.C., Hill,A. (2004). The television studies reader. London: Routledge. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. (2000). National Broadband Network. Ultimo, N.S.W: Author. Brian Fling. (2009). Mobile Design and Development: Practical concepts and techniques for creating mobile sites and web apps. OReilly Media, Inc. Craig Cochran. (2006). Becoming a Customer-focused Organization. Paton Professional. Deaville,J.A. (2011). Music in television: Channels of listening. New York: Routledge. Holmes,S., Jermyn,D. (2004). Understanding reality television. London: Routledge. In Slade,A., In Narro,A.J., In Buchanan,B.P. (2014). Reality television: Oddities of culture. Jacka,L., Dolin,T. (2007). Australian television history. Perth, W.A: Network Books. Jeff McWherter. (2012). Professional Mobile Application Development. John Wiley Sons. Jon Raasch. (2012). Smashing Mobile Web Development. John Wiley Sons. Kopp,M., Dawson,M. (2013). Reality television. Minneapolis, MN: Core Library. Kraidy,M.M., Sender,K. (2011). The politics of reality television: Global perspectives. London: Routledge. Murray,S., Ouellette,L. (2004). Reality TV: Remaking television culture. New York: New York University Press. Neighbour,S., Ramsay,M., Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC-TV (Australia). (2002). The network. Nigel Hill., Greg Roche, Rachel Allen. (2007). Customer Satisfaction: The Customer Experience through the Customers Eyes. The Leadership Factor. Ouellette,L. (2013). A companion to reality television. Penni McLean-Conner. (2006). Customer Service: Utility Style: Proven Strategies for Improving Customer Service and Reducing Customer Care Costs. PennWell Books. Sender,K. (2012). The makeover: Reality television and reflexive audiences. New York: New York University Press. Skeggs,B., Wood,H. (2012). Reality television and class. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Turner,G. (2005). Ending the affair: The decline of television current affairs in Australia. Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press.

History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay -- AIDS Health Im

History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), specific group of diseases or conditions that result from suppression of the immune system, related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A person infected with HIV gradually loses immune function along with certain immune cells called CD4 T-lymphocytes or CD4 T-cells, causing the infected person to become vulnerable to pneumonia, fungus infections, and other common ailments. With the loss of immune function, a clinical syndrome (a group of various illnesses that together characterize a disease) develops over time and eventually results in death due to opportunistic infections (infections by organisms that do not normally cause disease except in people whose immune systems have been greatly weakened) or cancers. In the early 1980s deaths by opportunistic infections, previously observed mainly in organ transplant recipients receiving therapy to suppress their immune responses, were recognized in otherwise healthy homosexual men. In 1983 French cancer specialist Luc Montagnier and scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris isolated what appeared to be a new human retrovirus—a special type of virus that reproduces differently from other viruses—from the lymph node of a man at risk for AIDS (see Lymphatic System). Nearly simultaneously, scientists working in the laboratory of American research scientist Robert Gallo at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, and a group headed by American virologist Jay Levy at the University of California at San Francisco isolated a retrovirus from people with AIDS and from individuals having contact with people with AIDS. All three groups of scientists isolated what is now known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. Infection with HIV does not necessarily mean that a person has AIDS, although people who are HIV-positive are often mistakenly said to have AIDS. In fact, a person can remain HIV-positive for more than ten years without developing any of the clinical illnesses that define and constitute a diagnosis of AIDS. In 1997 an estimated 30.6 million people worldwide were living with HIV or AIDS—29.5 million adults and 1.1 million children. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that between 1981, when the first AIDS cases were reported, and the end of 1997... ...easures. In 1990 HIV-infected people were included in the Americans with Disabilities Act, making discrimination against people with AIDS for jobs, housing, and other social benefits illegal. Additionally, the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act established a community-funding program designed to assist in the daily lives of people living with AIDS. This congressional act was named in memory of a young man who contracted HIV through blood products and became a public figure for his courage in fighting the disease and community prejudice. The act is still in place, although continued funding for such social programs is threatened by opposition in the U.S. Congress. The lack of effective vaccines and antiviral drugs for AIDS has spurred speculation that the funding for AIDS research is insufficient. Although the actual amount of government funding for AIDS research is large, most of these funds are used for expensive clinical studies to evaluate new drugs. Many scientists believe that not enough is known about the basic biology of HIV and recommend shifting the emphasis of AIDS research to basic research that could ultimately result in more effective medicines. History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay -- AIDS Health Im History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), specific group of diseases or conditions that result from suppression of the immune system, related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A person infected with HIV gradually loses immune function along with certain immune cells called CD4 T-lymphocytes or CD4 T-cells, causing the infected person to become vulnerable to pneumonia, fungus infections, and other common ailments. With the loss of immune function, a clinical syndrome (a group of various illnesses that together characterize a disease) develops over time and eventually results in death due to opportunistic infections (infections by organisms that do not normally cause disease except in people whose immune systems have been greatly weakened) or cancers. In the early 1980s deaths by opportunistic infections, previously observed mainly in organ transplant recipients receiving therapy to suppress their immune responses, were recognized in otherwise healthy homosexual men. In 1983 French cancer specialist Luc Montagnier and scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris isolated what appeared to be a new human retrovirus—a special type of virus that reproduces differently from other viruses—from the lymph node of a man at risk for AIDS (see Lymphatic System). Nearly simultaneously, scientists working in the laboratory of American research scientist Robert Gallo at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, and a group headed by American virologist Jay Levy at the University of California at San Francisco isolated a retrovirus from people with AIDS and from individuals having contact with people with AIDS. All three groups of scientists isolated what is now known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. Infection with HIV does not necessarily mean that a person has AIDS, although people who are HIV-positive are often mistakenly said to have AIDS. In fact, a person can remain HIV-positive for more than ten years without developing any of the clinical illnesses that define and constitute a diagnosis of AIDS. In 1997 an estimated 30.6 million people worldwide were living with HIV or AIDS—29.5 million adults and 1.1 million children. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that between 1981, when the first AIDS cases were reported, and the end of 1997... ...easures. In 1990 HIV-infected people were included in the Americans with Disabilities Act, making discrimination against people with AIDS for jobs, housing, and other social benefits illegal. Additionally, the Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act established a community-funding program designed to assist in the daily lives of people living with AIDS. This congressional act was named in memory of a young man who contracted HIV through blood products and became a public figure for his courage in fighting the disease and community prejudice. The act is still in place, although continued funding for such social programs is threatened by opposition in the U.S. Congress. The lack of effective vaccines and antiviral drugs for AIDS has spurred speculation that the funding for AIDS research is insufficient. Although the actual amount of government funding for AIDS research is large, most of these funds are used for expensive clinical studies to evaluate new drugs. Many scientists believe that not enough is known about the basic biology of HIV and recommend shifting the emphasis of AIDS research to basic research that could ultimately result in more effective medicines.

Law Philosophers Assignment

Philosophers Assignment Aristotle was born in 384 B. C. E until 322 B. C. E. He was a Greek philosopher who lived in Stagira in north Greece. He was the son of Nichomachus, Aristotle studied medicine and then in 367 BCE he was then sent to Athens to study philosophy. He has stayed and studied at Plato’s academy until 347 BCE, he had a different idea then Plato. Aristotle believed â€Å"The ‘just’ therefore means that which is lawful and that which is equal or fair†(Morris, 1981) When Plato had died Aristotle was not the head of Plato’s Academy.Aristotle left Athens he went travelling maybe studying in Turkey, which used to be called Asia Minor. In 338 he returned back to Macedonian and had tutored Alexander the Great, later Alexander the Great had taken over Athens, Aristotle had returned to Athens to setup his own school called Lyceum. After Alexander the Great passed away Athens attacked Macedonian and Aristotle political situation became risky. He fled away and went to Eubroea where he has later passed away in 322 B. C. E. Aristotle believed in egalitarian society were he believed that everyone should share equally.He believed that if people are unequal they may be â€Å"allotted unequal shares† (Morris 1981). Thomas Aquinas was born in Lombardy, Italy in 1225 and later passed away in 1274 he lived only 49 years. He was born in his family’s castle in the kingdom of Naples, he had eight siblings and he was the youngest of them all. At the age of five he had been drawn into a school at Montecassino. He was later transferred to University of Naples. He came into contact with Aristotle, and became a Dominican over the disputes of his family and then he headed north to study.Briefly in Paris, and then he went onto a different school called Cologne were he was with Albert the Great, he later studied technology at the University of Paris; he became an expert in philosophy and in other works of Aristotle. He believed t hat â€Å"Law is chiefly ordained to the common good† and intention of lawmaker should be to â€Å"lead man to virtue† (Our Legal Heritage, 92) He did not assume that law makes people good, but rather â€Å" that man obeys a law due to him being good†(Philosophers of Law, Note) Noam Chomsky is born on December 7th, 928 in Philadelphia he was Jewish born philosopher who had earned his PhD in linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania. Since 1955 he was a professor at MlT and had made great theories on human linguistic ability. Chomsky had a little brother named David; his family was a middle class family. Noam Chomsky grew up watching officers beat women in front of a textile pile. His mother Elise Chomsky was an active radical politic in the 1930’s his father William Chomsky who was a Russian Jewish Immigrant. Chomsky at the age of ten years old had written a newspaper editorial on the rise of fascism in Europe.He believes that law primarily serves tho se in power. Cooperation between the rich class and of citizens and lawmakers to make laws that maintain the statuesque and wealth and power of the rich. Aristotle would evaluate Canadian Law is he would like how we have the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms he would like section 15 subsection (1) in the Charter which is Equality Rights â€Å"every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law† Constitution Act, 1982).This agrees with Aristotle because he also said that everyone is equal and should be treated the same. Also he would agree on section 7 of the Charter Legal Rights â€Å"Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security†(Constitution Act, 1982). Aristotle would agree with this because it shows that everyone has the equal rights for life and humanity. He would agree that taxing the wealthy would be good because it lessens the chance of them overruling.He believes that everyone s hould be treated equally, so in Canadian law the same cases can’t be treated the same way as other. He would believe that Canadian law would be a problem because he wants everyone to be treated the same. He would also disagree with welfare because it takes away our money that we earned by working hard for. He would also have a problem with one ruler getting elected because of false information being used to be a ruler of a country. Aristotle would believe that our laws our good and it could be bad at the same time.Thomas Aquinas would believe that the Canadian law would improve or expand on his theories of people. In section 1 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms â€Å"the rights and freedoms set out in it subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society†(Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982). He would agree with this because it shows that man can be free but it is up to them i f they want to obey the law.It is basically stating Aquinas theory â€Å"that man obeys a law due to him being good† it is a guideline to say you are free but remember there are laws if you do something wrong. He would disagree with Canada’s legal system because he was a big believer in his faith, which was Christianity he would agree much on the ten commandments because they show one ruler and they say that you can’t do this or that so they are laws that over rule men. Which didn’t agree with his theory that men obey law and law doesn’t obey men.Noam Chomsky would evaluate Canadian Law as positive and negative thing because it shows that media is controlled by the government and also by the wealthy. Noam Chomsky believed that media only benefits the elite class. He believes that the rich should get richer and the poor get poorer. Under section 15 sub section 1 â€Å"equal benefit of the law without discrimination† basically Noam Chomsky wou ld agree with this because it shows that everyone should be treated the same but don’t discriminate if you are poor or rich.Chomsky believes that the media only benefits with the elite class but in Canadian Law he might disagree freedom of speech because the media is controlled by the rich and whatever the rich say goes it could be false information, but with freedom of speech you can go to people and spread the word. Everyone has the right to speak and also he might disagree with the Canadian government for spending money funding Iraq and other countries. Noam Chomsky a 20th and 21st century philosopher he is still alive so he can compare the difference between his theories and the Canadian Law.Citations Blair, A. , Ryan Elliott, K. , Manning, B. , & Mossuto, M. (2004). Canadian and international law. Canada: Oxford University Press. McGilvray James, A. (1994). Noam chomsky . Retrieved from http://www. biography. com/people/noam-chomsky-37616 McInerny, R. (Sept, 2009 30). Me taphysics research lab, csli, stanford university. Retrieved from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/aquinas/ Waggone , B. (2000, June 09). University of california museum of paleontology. Retrieved from http://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/history/aristotle. html

DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS Essay

Introduction Leadership and management, these are two words we use on daily basis. But the questions like how do we realise good leaders, what qualities, attitude, style and behaviour do they exhibit, are frequent. The ability to lead is not connected to education, although most leaders are intelligent people. Many qualities required for a leader are also possessed by managers. There are interconnection between leaders and managers. Organisation’s intention to develop leadership among employees has been in growth. It is because they realised the potentials of good leaders. Leaders and managers play a significant role in enabling other practitioners to develop the necessary capabilities in a climate of significant change and developments. I think, by developing our leadership skills, we are assured a more rewarding and successful career. There is no doubt that, leadership potential can be developed. With commitment, effort and practice, anybody can move beyond the skills you are born with t o be an excellent leader. â€Å"The most dangerous leadership myth is that leaders are born—that there is a genetic factor to leadership. Myth asserts that people simply either have certain charismatic qualities or not. That’s nonsense; in fact, the opposite is true. Leaders are made rather than born.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Warren G. Bennis. Globalisation has resulted in diversity. To maximise contribution, each organisation and its managers are now challenged with creating inclusive working environment. They need to understand effective leadership style and culture to build trust and effective relationship. Rapid economic changes pose new opportunities and threats. Leaders are supposed to face those situations. â€Å"For managers the world keeps changing. It changes from hour to hour, day to day and week to week. The strategies that were effective yesterday are not necessarily effective in the same situation today†-Quinn Look more:  strategic management process essay In order to face the growing competition in the market, it is very urgent for organisations to build potential leader. Developing strategic management and leadership skills should be a part of organisations’ actions. 1.1 Explain the link between strategic management and leadership Strategic Management consists of the analysis of any organisation, decision making and necessary actions in order to create and sustain competitive advantages. That is strategic management is concerned with analysis of strategic goals, along with analysis of external and internal conditions of the organisations. Then taking necessary decisions and implementing those decisions systematically to get the competitive advantages. Strategic management, popularized during 1980s. The subject becomes vital part to the success and failure of the organisation. Usually it is considered as the responsibility for the overall direction of the organization sums up what strategic management is all about. It can also define as the process of identifying and executing the organisation’s strategic goals (mission, vision and objectives) by matching its capabilities with the demand of its environment. Strategic management contains a set of managerial decisions. Leadership is the ability of a person to get other willingly to follow. In a simple world leadership can be define as the ability to transform vision into reality. Strategic leadership provides the vision and direction for the growth and success of an organization. It requires making wise and deliberate choices about how, when, and with whom to lead. A good manager is now by definition a leader. Equally, a good leader will also be a manager. Majority of practical people are interested primarily in what they have to do, and not whether it should be labelled ‘leadership’ or ‘management’ or both. â€Å"It is very true that I have said that I considered Napoleon’s presence in the field equal to forty thousand men in the balance† —Duke of Wellington. Difference between strategic management and leadership Management| Leadership| Intended to plan, organize, co-ordinate and evaluate| Job is to inspire and motivate| management administrate the organisation| Leaders innovate | Management tries to maintain the organisation| Leaders tries to develop| Focused on system and structure| Focuses on people| They focus on the present situation | They look towards future| React to problems and issues| Proactive to issues and problem| Prefer to control| Knows how to delegate| Minimising risk| Taking risk|  There are thousands of examples for leaders in the world. Jack Welch, he worked magic at GE in the 1990s. Lou Gerstner, the brain behind the successful turnaround of IBM. Their books about their exploit, success and philosophies of leaderships became best sellers. 1.2 Analysis of impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decision There are different leadership and management styles. Different styles work well in different situations. They are based on different assumptions and theories. Strategic decisions taken by leaders depend upon their style. The style used by each individual will be based on their beliefs, values, ethical views and preferences as well as the organizational culture and norms which will encourage some styles and discourage others. 1. Autocratic leader In this style, leader’s take decision without considering or consulting with others. This style work well when there is no need of discussion or the discussion would not bring any changes or the motivation of people will not affected with or without discussion. 2. Democratic style The leader involves employees in the decision making. This kind of style is usually appreciated by the employees or subordinate. This style would bring problems in a situation where there are wide ranges of opinion and there is no well-defined way of taking the final decision. 3. Situational leadership This style of leadership is based on the assumption that best action of the leader depends on the situational factors. When a decision is needed, an effective leader does not fall into a single style. 4. Transactional leadership The assumption behind this kind of leadership is that people are motivated by rewards and an organisation work well with a clear chain of command. This kind of leader works thorough creating clear structures. Subordinates duty  will be well defined and also the reward they get for following the orders. Punishments are not always mentioned, but they are also well-understood and formal systems of discipline are usually in place. The first stage of Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby fixing the salary and other benefits of subordinates, and the company (and by implication the subordinate’s manager) gets authority over the subordinate. After allocating works to subordinates, they are responsible to do it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding). 5. Transformational leader This style is based on the assumption that employees will follow a leader who motivates them and a person with vision and passion can achieve anything. Transformation leadership start with the development of a vision, a view and path to future. That will excite and converter the employees. Transformational leaders are so committed always. They continuously work to motivate the followers. Decision making can be affected by leadership style. The key elements of leadership are 1. Understanding their own personality and understanding others 2. Understanding the situation 3. Applying appropriate skills and techniques. Leaders having different styles can have different levels of key elements. So the way and level in which they identify their personality can differ. They responds to a same situation by different leaders can vary. Leadership and management style getting important in the sense that you can’t lead people in the same way as you did in the past if you want to get their talents and obtain efficient performance. Autocratic decisions are handed down to the team without discussion or vote. But that decision is necessary sometimes. Especially when a strategic decision needs to made quickly. The impact of this style is for many people, this style feels harsh, a great possibility of demotivation. Rest of people  assured leader can demonstrate consideration and compassion for team while using the Autocratic style, even though the team is not directly involved in the decision. There are situations in which leader wants input from employees or teams. Leaders, uses democratic style workout that situation well. This kind of decision-making allows for active participation from the team. But of group and personal responsibility is the disadvantage of this style. IBM prefers transformational leadership style, so that leaders are culturally adaptable and can unleash IBM’s energy and can execute strategies well. There is a common thought that leaders who listen considerately to their follower’s opinion before making final decision get good result as compared to non-listeners. In the case of democratic style, the leader gives up ownership and control of a decision and allows the group to vote. Advantage of this style is fairly fast decision, and an amount of group participation. No organisation or leader can implement a single style to deal with the multitude of decision that needs to be made during change process (Nancy, 2007). British petroleum, a major energy company globally in terms of oil and gas deserves, company’s growth has been accompanied by a number of accidents and safety-related violations which have had tragic environmental and personal consequences. Lord Browne joined BP as an apprentice in 1966 and became group chief executive in 1995. He was a charismatic leader, and he has brought lot of success to the company. But he was forced to resign in 2007 due to a personal scandal. Charismatic leadership style got few drawbacks. The complaint against Lord Browne was administration by media and business associates fuelled his charismatic style and he ignored day to day core business activities. 1.3 How leadership styles can be adopted to different situations? Success of an organisation or a group dependent on the effectiveness of the leader. Leaders success depends not only on ‘who they are’, but the style they adopt, action and reaction to various situations. None of the leadership style is appropriated in all situations. Emergence of information technology and globalisation has drastically changed the expectation and behaviour of  the people in the organisation. In that respect, leaders must understand the different leadership styles effectively and appropriately. Leaders must be up to date of the situations. Leaders must be prepared to step in and show the way in all kind of situations. Different style can be adapted to different situations in relation to 1. Business- situations 2. Types of team players involved 3. Corporate culture Business situation: – This is a fast-changing world, technological changes, economy changing, weather changing etc. In such a situation a leader cannot lose the sense of changes. Business situation means competition, market changes, market share, financing, world economy, sense of urgency in fiancà © and talents. We know that high risk situation needs very strong and active involvement by the leader to keep it control. The people or team members: – In every organisation, there will have different kind of employees or members. Differ by characters, talents, skills, attitude etc. identifying the team members is a tough task. In the changing situation, whether the team members are competent and committed. The corporate culture: – There is no doubt that the culture in the organisation will influence the leadership style. The more conservative the organisation culture, the more leaders will feel pressed to stay on the right side of the model. Jack Welch’s Leadership Style Jack Welch, he was the youngest CEO of General Electric’s history. He made a resolution to transform GE into one of the world biggest firm. With his unique leadership style and character, Welch made history during his 2-decade journey at GE. His way of leading was based on some concepts. Lead, not manage:- according to him leadership can be found in as long as they come up with good ideas and can energize rather than depress and control. Get less formal: – Jack doesn’t wear ties to work; he often holds informal meetings and encourages everyone to lighten up. Informality inspires people to have more ideas and it is one of the keys to GE’s success. No bureaucracy: – Welch wished that each employee should work on getting rid of bureaucracy every day. Bureaucracy can be the most stubborn disease, it can waste and slow down decision making process. Face reality: – company was losing its market values and there was too much bureaucracy when Jack Welch joined the company. He realised the realities and brought out strategies and  initiatives that made things better. Simplify the business: – his goal at GE was simplify the business. He didn’t think that business had to be complicated. He tried to eliminate complicated memos and letters. Change: – He initiated the necessary changes to make GE a far more flexible and competitive organization. He made ‘change’ a part of GE’s shared value. Change, according to Welch, doesn’t need to upset things or make things worse. It can mean opportunities, good ideas, new business or new products (kevin, 2007). Lead by energizing others, not managing by authority: – Welch called his leadership ideal ‘boundary less’, which means an open organization, free of bureaucracy and anything that prevents the free flow of ideas, people and decisions (kevin, 2007). His choice was inspiring others to perform well. Lead by doing- one of the leadership style adapted by GE Information technology is critical to the future of GE. As a key pipeline for future leaders of GE’s world-class global IT organization, the Information Technology Leadership Program delivers continued education with over 12 weeks of technical, project management and leadership training over the two years (GE, 2013). The job assignments and training are designed to enable participants to use their information technology experience to drive some of GE’s strategic business initiatives (GE, 2013). Each assignment and training experience is global allowing participants to travel to other countries, work with colleagues from around the world, and make an impact on products and services that make the world better (GE, 2013) 2.1 Review the impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organisational strategy Situational theories or contingency theories  Those theories began in 1960s. The basic assumption behind the theory is that individual characteristics’ make them suitable leaders only in certain situations. Each situation requires a leader to vary behaviour to fit the conditions. In other words, there is no right or wrong way in leading all the time. Fred Fiedler’s contingency theory In 1967, Fred Fiedler proposed his contingency theory. His objective was to find out when a task oriented approach would be more effective and when a  relationship oriented approach would be more effective. He explained that task oriented leader very effective when conditions are either very favourable or which are very unfavourable to the leader. When conditions are favourable, member relations are strong; there is a positive relationship between the group and the leader; and the task is clear and structured; the group members are ready and willing to work, and their energies can be focused on the goal. Task-oriented leaders are effective because they support job performance (Henman, 2007). According to Fielder, the relationship oriented style is more effective in situations which are intermediate in favourableness. When an intermediate situation is present, the leader can help to build confidence and cohesion by focusing on the personal needs of the individuals (Henman, 2007). Hersey and Blanchard theory It is another situational theory. This theory was introduced 10 year after Fiedler’s theory. First of all Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard assume that leaders are more flexible than Fiedler does. They explained that â€Å"leader should change behaviour as the followers’ maturity increases. This is the first of the situational theories to address the element of follower maturity†. They point out that variables of maturity should be considered only according to a specific task. That is, followers are not mature or immature in any total or chronological sense; rather, they have varying degrees of maturity depending on knowledge of or experience with a specific goal (Henman, 2007). Leader-style theory This theory was introduced by Vroom and Yetton. They explain the different ways leader can make decisions and necessary guidelines for leader in order to determine the extent to which subordinate should participated in decision making. Charismatic leadership Charisma, as explained by Max Weber, is a certain quality of individual personality, by virtue of which he or she is apart from ordinary people and treated as a personality with exceptional power or qualities. On the basis of this, they are considered as leaders. Each theory differs slightly. That indicates that there is no one best among all types of style. Successful leader is the one who can adapt to the changes. An effective leader needs to diagnose the needs and wants of followers and then react accordingly. The impact of different theories of management on organisational strategy will be different. IBM needs extraordinary leaders who can create high-performance work climates and foster employee engagement; people who not only succeed but enable others to as well. A disciplined process of identifying and developing high achievers and leaders has been a main stone of IBM’s strategy to regain market leadership in the IT industry. In order to build a pool of leader for the future strategies, IBM has been establishing periodically refreshed core competencies for all IBM employees. They have a pervasive use of competencies for development, succession planning and selection. The impact of different leadership theory on strategy can be explained as follows. For example let’s consider contingency theory. As Fiedler explained, task oriented leaders are very effective when conditions are favourable or unfavourable. When conditions are favourable, members relations are strong, there is a positive relation between team and leader. Hence new strategies can bring and work it out well so easily. In unfavourable circumstances or in stressful situations, a leader’s structure and control can remove undesirable ambiguity and the anxiety that goes with it. Hence effectiveness of strategy can be maintained. In an intermediate situation, relationship oriented style is best. The leader can help to build confidence and cohesion by focusing on the personal needs of the individuals. That was the approach adopted by Jack Welch, GE. 2.2 Create a leadership strategy that support organisational direction Leadership strategy for General Electrics The General Electric Company, or GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York. Company operates in five sectors via energy, technology infrastructure, capital finance, consumer and industrial. It has been almost a decade since Jack Welch retired as GE’s chairman and CEO, the brain behind the success of GE. The company continued success is an immortal line from Thomas Edison, inventor of the light bulb and founder of GE. The current CEO of GE is Jeffrey Immelt. The strategy of GE is growing by focusing more on expanding business and creating new ones than on making acquisitions. Jack Welch and Jeffrey immelt are considered to be the most influenced business leaders. If we consider their way in which they lead, and their decisions, it is clear that they preferred transformational leadership style. Even though both used the same style, Jack Welch had been more extreme than his successor. Leadership strategy: – choosing a best leadership style is the major step in leadership strategy. Leadership at company like GE is very crucial. Transformational leadership style is better for GE. They have the story of success using the same style. Transformational leader is able to influence his followers and make them do more than what is expected from them, what they were willing to do and often more than what they thought they were capable of. Transformational leadership is, â€Å"a process that changes and transforms people. It is concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals and includes assessing followers’ motives, satisfying their needs, and treating them as full human beings†- (Northouse). The reason behind the selection of this leadership style is this style motivates the followers. The leader and followers are well aligned in this system. A transformational leader can motivate the followers by setting challenging goals. Transformational leadership is composed of four key elements, influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration. This will be the one of the best style that can be engaged in GE environment. The transformational leader has also the capacity to involve his followers to envision the future of the company by communicating them attractive goals and expectations and by showing them a strong commitment to reach these expectations and to be in line with the  vision he shares (Riggio). Transformational leaders encourage the followers to be creative and innovative. We have seen the different leadership style and their impact on organisation. Even though, no particular leadership style is better always. It depends on the situations. The best style GE can use is transformational leadership because of its unique advantages. Transformation leader can take risk, as Jack Welch did in GE. Leadership strategy makes explicit the number of leaders required, and what kind of, where, with what skills and styles. GE’s corporate strategy is to expand instead of alliances. So they need thousands of leaders all around the world. The leaders should have collective capabilities like providing direction, motivate the followers, engaging employees in decision making and to gain their active support in implementing planned cross-functional actions, implementing successful innovations, adapting to change, ensuring transparency just like former leaders, developing talents and being responsive to customers like Jeffrey Immlet. Since the corporate strategy is becoming more global, it require greater cultural sensitivity among leaders, enhanced representation of different geographies at top level, enhanced language skills to enable cross cultural relationships and greater understanding of local laws and business arrangement in strategy making. 3.1 Use appropriate methods to review current leadership requirement We know the important of leaders. It is very necessary to identify the leadership gap in any organisation so that top management can take necessary actions. Some of the best and most venerable organizations are failing to adapt to change, implement their strategic plans successfully or prepare for a more uncertain future because of the reason that they failed to forecast the leadership requirement. Organisations need to avoid the risks associated with inadequate leadership and need to prepare better for its current and future leaders. Leadership requirement for General Electrics Leadership programs are amazing within GE that are designed to build the next generation leaders. These programs build perfect foundation for accelerating  learning and development in a particular domain, from commercial to operations, from human resources to information management, from finance and communications to technology (GE, Leadership Programs, 2013). There are more than 300,000 employees in GE. The company operates through different sector. GE consistently ranks as the most admired and respected company in the world. Profit of GE grows consistently. Company serves customers in more than 100 countries. Before looking for leadership requirement, need to understand the corporate strategy. Leadership requirement can be planned based on that. CEO of GE believes that ideal situation for a global firm was to have its factory on a barge that you could move around the world to wherever it was the best competitive environment at the time. Their strategy is to expand business globally, instead of just looking for alliances. Fast moving Globalisation opens new opportunities for a global firm like GE. Hence leadership requirement at GE is tremendous. They need leaders at various levels. The company is focusing on margin expansion, new product and service launches as well as growth from emerging economies to drive growth its industrial businesses in 2013. Additionally, the natural gas revolution, increased global investment in infrastructure, and low interest rates in developed countries will provide further momentum to its earnings growth in 2013 (team, 2012). These new strategies hopefully drive them to big success. But they need leaders not only in quantity but also in quality. 3.2 Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership Requirement of leaders in the GE increases. Leaders are not only required in the top level but also in the various bottom levels also. A good leader is always prepared for the any kind of challenge. He acts quickly and accurately according to the given situation. We can say that a good leader takes the right decision at the right time. Leadership plan and programs are necessary for the development of future situations requiring leadership. Leadership Programs: – GE has various leadership programs. As part of their strategy to achieve commercial excellence and drive organic growth, they are developing a pipeline of strong sales and marketing leaders at GE through  the Commercial Leadership Program (CLP). CLP offers a curriculum that boosts the development of commercial skills and techniques that are critical to success in all GE businesses. CLP prepares candidates for a successful career in sales or commercial operations by providing the opportunity to learn about GE’s products, industry, and customers while making valuable contributions to the on-going success of GE. Those programs are very effective. They need to add more values to those programs. Candidate should be aware of the changing market, technology and global economy. Leadership opportunities: – even though, GE spent more than $1 billion annually in training and development of programs, a global company having more than 300,000 employees and serving in more than 100 countries, that one billion is not an adequate amount. As compared to their profit growth, they need more to build leadership qualities in their employees. Human resource leadership program: – In GE’s Human Resources Leadership Progr am people are gaining real-world business experience, contributing to GE businesses and getting in line for HR leadership roles across the company. HRLPs can build countless HR leaders within GE. Experienced commercial leadership programs: – The Experienced Commercial Leadership Program (ECLP) prepares MBA graduates and experienced professionals for GE leadership roles in marketing and sales. The two-year rotational program offers opportunities for individuals to drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and sales leaders 4.1 Plan the development of leadership skills for a specific requirement Leadership skills are the key ingredient required for a good leader. Some would say key ingredient in management. The basic leadership skills required in most situations are same. But under certain specific condition, they need specific skills. The basic skill required for leaders are explained below. Integrity: – this is the basic quality of a leader. This quality makes people trust the leader. Trust is essential in all human relations. Confidence: – it is essential quality for all leaders. Developing self-confidence is the preliminary to becoming a leader. Self-awareness: – People who have a high degree of self-awareness recognize how their feelings affect them, other people, and their job performance. They can speak openly and accurately about their limitations. Self-regulation: – People who are in control of their feelings and sudden  temptation are able to create an environment of trust and fairness. Appropriate self-regulators are usually thoughtful and resist making impulsive decisions. These are definite qualities of a good leader. Motivation: – it is an important skill required for skills. Only effective leaders can motivate followers. Social skills: – social skill is necessary to build relations. Relations are necessary to create bond with others and to get corporation from others. Communication skills: – to deliver leader’s idea properly, communication skill is very necessary. A good communicator can pay attention and listen carefully. Lead by example: – One of the best ways to lead is by example – use where needed, lending a helping hand, and making sure that the work you do is clearly understood by your team. Leadership skills strataplex: – Leadership skill requirements are often described as being stratified by organizational level. The term strataplex captures the stratified and complex nature of the leadership skill requirements and their relationship with level in the organization. Leadership skill requirement is classified into four groups. 1. Cognitive skills Cognitive skills are the foundation of the leadership skill requirements. They are comprised of those skills related to basic cognitive capacities, such as collecting, processing, and disseminating information and learning and are the fundamental skills required for a large portion of the activities in which leaders are engaged (Mumford, 2007) .These skills include skills like oral communication, written communication, ability to learn and adapt etc. 2. Interpersonal Skills These are skill relating to interacting with and influencing others. Examples are skills required for coordination of actions, negotiation skills etc. 3. Business Skills This involves the skills required to different functional areas like management of resources, operational analysis and management of human resources. 4. Strategic Skills Strategic skill requirements are highly conceptual skills needed to take a systems perspective to understand complexity, deal with ambiguity, and to  effect influence in the organization (Mumford, 2007). This includes skills for planning, visioning etc. â€Å"Leaders are not born, they are grown†- this is the word by the father of management, Peter Drucker. Leadership ability is not an inborn skill most times. This can develop through practices. Doesn’t require talents, but commitment is necessary. The great leaders have chosen to be just that, and then developed the skills that are required. Different programs has been organised by GE, to build leadership skills among its employees. 1. Entry level program or Commercial leadership program (CLP) is an example for it. The CLP is a 12 to 24 month program that develops marketing and sales skills through a strong core curriculum and challenging assignments. 2. Experienced program: Human Resource Leadership program (HRLP). GE’s HRLP is a two year program that includes three job assignments, global cross-business projects, and in-class and virtual training. 3. Experienced Commercial Leadership program (ELCP). The ECLP program consists of three, eight-month rotational assignments within the marketing and sales functions of one of GE’s businesses (GE, Experienced Program, 2013).4. Operation management Leadership program (OMLP): OMLP accelerates development of entry-level talent and produces leaders capable of meeting the challenges facing the Operations, Supply Chain, Manufacturing and Quality functions at GE (GE, Entry level program, 2013). 4.2 Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills There are lot of methods to plan the development of leadership skills. Different methods are useful in different situations. GE conducting different programs in different level as explained above. Leadership programs are amazing platforms within GE that are designed to build the next generation of leaders. Commercial leadership program (CLP) provides candidates with valuable training, experience and exposure to a team of motivated colleagues and helpful mentors that can accelerate their careers. HRLP (Human Resource Leadership program) has created countless generations of HR leaders at GE. The program continues today and still focuses on taking talented people, providing them with globally diverse challenging experiences, and developing them into world-class HR leaders. Candidates will have formal training, rotation, seminars, business simulations and community service activities. Experienced Commercial  Leadership Programs (ECLP) offers opportunities for individuals to drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and sales leaders (GE, Experienced Program, 2013). OMLP (Entry level Program) is a two-year program consisting of four six-month rotations that allow members to build leadership and functional skills through challenging rotational assignments and world-class training (GE, Entry level program, 2013) . Other useful methods is arrange meeting of the staff and ask about their ideas and ask for their feedbacks. The best method, however, is getting feedback from the staffs. Another way of developing leadership skills is to get familiar with your followers. It will help you in understanding their feelings and their needs, which in turn will help you in managing their needs. Different plan for the development leadership skills includes conducting seminar, training programs, meetings, job rotations etc. Conclusion This assignment is used to explain the link between strategic management and leadership. Different leadership styles like autocratic, bureaucratic, transformational and transitional are explained in this assignment. The effects of various styles on strategic decision making are explained. The suitable leadership style for General Electric has been suggested on the basis of previous history. Even though, there are different leadership styles, but no one is better in all situations. Style should be adapted according to the business situation, team members and culture of the organisation. Different leadership theories are discussed in the assignment. Situational theories and contingency theories have been applied. The situations in which different theories can be applied are explained. Different leadership styles and their role are explained. Anyone can become a good leader by adopting certain skills and techniques and applying them in their daily life. Because leaders are not born, but they are grown, great word by Peter Drucker. Good leaders know how to use different styles in a balanced way. In this competitive world, organisation can only sustain if and only if they can bring strong leaders. There are different ways of enhancing the leadership skills for future requirements. And there should be a plan of developing these skills. The plan should cover all the current and  future needs for leadership and is helpful in the overall progress of the organization. A leader is a person who provides the vision for the future. Developing leadership skills in our personality will help us to explore more opportunities in our future. 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