Impact of Evidence-Based Practice-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How Does Evidence Based Practice Improve Patient Outcomes? Answer: Proof Based Nursing Practice My position proclamation: Evidence based practice joins examine proof with clinical ability to help a patient focused consideration through the incorporation of inclination of the patients. As indicated by Fleiszer et al., 2016, Evidence based research might be characterized as the express, prudent and faithful utilization of the flow proves in taking choices in regards to the consideration of individual patients. The impact of the proof based nursing has been felt in all the parts of clinical practice. The idea of proof based practice in nursing has picked up energy for as long as hardly any years. With the expanding requests of heath care over the world, the medical attendants currently act in bleeding edge with the specialists to give a patient focused consideration (Mitchell et al., 2015). In an improved structure it very well may be said that proof based practice in nursing requires logical reseaches, remaining refreshed with the flow inquire about methods, productive learning of the clinical diaries, use of the proper standards of the proof, which can be helpful in broadening the regular furthest reaches of the medical caretakers (Hall Roussel, 2016). The means in the proof based nursing research incorporates Surveying the patient, to decide the inquiries or the questions that may emerge from the contextual investigation of the patient, development of an all around constructed clinical inquiry gained from the case, directing broad research comparable to the case, Appraising the legitimacy of the proof discovered, Linking the proof with the clinical practice and apply fundamental mediations to the patient, got from the proof based practice (Mitchell et al., 2015). EBP fills the holes in understanding consideration and realizes better results in patients by teaming up clinical practice with inquire about confirmations. It bolsters the estimations of the patients to advance a superior involvement with patients. EBP helps the medical caretaker to extend their mindset and alter tolerant consideration (Williams et al., 2015). As per Boltz et al., 2016, EBP include better results in patients, upgrading tolerant wellbeing by giving a socially more secure foundation to the patient. In this day and age patients are medicinal services purchasers and request more secure and talented human services practice. The premise of EBP lies in look into that would help in giving data with respect to the treatment of the medicinal services condition (Stevens, 2013). With the expanding requests of the social insurance needs, medicinal services associations are presently including the attendants in the dynamic procedure, because of which a huge part of medical caretakers are continuing their advanced education in nursing. Advanced education identified with nursing, requires parcel inquires about. It ought to be noticed, that fuse of proof based practice by the medical caretakers is additionally required for the development of the association (Stevens, 2013). As the clinics are requesting that the attendants become increasingly creative and improve the activities identified with social insurance (Williams et al., 2015). Notwithstanding that, the nursing understudies seeking after experts or examines are furnished with chances to proceed with their exploration based work under the guide of the association. Practice of proof based research work encourages the medical attendants to step into positions of authority. EBP likewise causes the attendants t o come to the underserved populace and execute methodologies to contact them. These days propelled training is required to upgrade the aptitudes, fuse data innovation, and more noteworthy consideration coordination over the consideration continuum (Stevens, 2013). All through the 21st century the jobs of the medical attendants have advanced radically. The calling of nursing has gotten dynamic. They need to work in an assortment of settings, which incorporates the emergency clinics, schools, organizations segment, and wellbeing division of the network, research center, home and medicinal services. Every one of these medical caretakers has different duties, yet the essential worry of the attendants will continue as before (Stevens, 2013). There are misinterpretations in the nursing understudies in regards to the nursing investigates and don't have the thoughts how to continue with the exploration. Proof based practice requests changes in the nursing training to be progressively powerful, with the end goal that there is a closer working connection between the clinicians and the parental figures (Williams et al., 2015). EBP encourages the nursing practice to turn out to be progressively engaged, individualized, smoothed out and furthermore helps in expanding the dynamic judgment ability. Different impacts of the EBP are cost regulation, expanding accessibility of data's and expanding client wise for the consideration and treatment choices (Stevens, 2013). There are distinctive NMBA gauges proposed by the nursing birthing assistance practice of Australia, which lines up with the proof based research rehearses. All the enlisted medical caretakers need to keep up specific implicit rules and certain codes of morals in nursing practice (Williams et al., 2015). The motivation behind this system is to furnish them with proficient direction and backing on issues identified with their clinical practice. This fills in as a system to under pin the dynamic in medical attendants (Stevens, 2013). It assists with understanding the requirements for proficient turn of events. It likewise elevates intelligent practices to improve self learning for giving a more secure and quality consideration to the patient (Hall et al., 2016). The guidelines help the medical attendants to settle on choices in regards to their jobs and obligations which is an engaging determinant for the experts. There are seven NMBA measures of nursing that is required to be trailed by the enlisted medical attendants. Basic reasoning and investigation in nursing practice is required by a RN to make the most ideal utilization of the confirmations accessible (Stevens, 2013). As a medical caretaker it is required to rehearse a socially sheltered nursing, with unique reference to the native populace of Australia. It is the obligation of the attendants to get together to the enactments, rules and the arrangements related to the nursing principles. Moral edge woks ought to be kept up while taking any choices. Melnyk et al., (2014) has contended that moral edge work in nursing alludes to helpfulness and non malefiecience, which can't be constantly utilized for the patients wellbeing. Standard 2 alludes to the commitment of the medical attendant in restorative relationship with the patient. Medical caretaker can utilize the idea of EBP in giving a synergistic consideration to the patient. According to the states of the proof based practice, it is important to advocate secrecy of the patients condition. A medical caretaker ought to have the option to keep up the patients poise (LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2017). Proof based practice includes proficient turn of events, which again lines up with the NMBA standard 3. EBP requires conduction of patient's appraisal that is all encompassing and socially safe to the patient, which is same as the standard 4 of NMBA. The standard 5 of the NMBA system alludes to the utilization of the evaluation information to build up an arrangement for the patient. Harvey Kitson (2015) have contended that arranging is consistently impractical because of the protections from the medical caretaker administrators and the specialist in control. The standard 6 of the NMBA structure urges the medical attendant to give an opportune and safe nursing care to the patient (Masters, 2015). It is the obligation of a medical caretaker to call attention to the potential dangers and imperfections identified with the framework. It frequently turns out to be hard to call attention to the imperfections being in a similar framework. Along these lines, from this point of view it regular ly turns out to be troublesome in actualizing proof based practice (Ossenberg et al., 2016). The standard 7 of the NMBA system, it is the obligation of a medical caretaker to quantify the advancement and the crumbling in a clinical setting to continue more towards the normal objectives. Ackley et al (2016) has contended that it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to actualize proof based practice in all the parts of human services without an appropriate preparing. Specialists have demonstrated that solitary 34.5% of the medical attendants in a clinical setting use EBP in their nursing practice (Stevens, 2013). Larger part of the medical attendants feel that it is required to have improved information and aptitudes in EBP, which is expected the absence of legitimate instructive extensions. As per Levin Feldman (2012), the two most significant variables that can go about as obstructions to confirm based practice are hierarchical help and time. Once in a while it turns out to be exceptionally hard to consolidate any adjustment in the old setting and moving beyond the work environment obstruction as that is the manner in which the medical caretakers have been doing as such far. In the vast majority of the cases the medical caretaker understudies gets opposition from the attendant heads and the medical attendant supervisors (Melnyk et al., 2014). Moreover, it can't be normal that attendant would sit and care for articles as opposed to dealing with the patients. Regardless of whether they are self spurred to the fundamental investigates, time won't permit them to do that. Instruction is the greatest boundary as individuals taught numerous years back have no clue about the EBP approach of care. While numerous association are supporting the EBP technique for training, there are not many that still that follows the regular strategies for nursing (Masters, 2015). A portion of the associations who are on the side of the proof based practice needs to comprehend that an a couple of days workshops won't have the option to realize any manageable change in clinical settings (Melnyk et al., 2014). So as to make things doable it is important to name enough EBP tutors, who will have the option to work next to the clinicians to have close by encounters. Another significant factor may go about as a boundary to the EBP usage is the constrained access to data advancements and PC frameworks (Melnyk et al., 2014). It can't be relied upon from the medical attendant to perform EBP without legitimate accessibility of the IT assets, as it is required to remain refreshed in regards to the different logical diaries and articles. (Flodgren et al., 2014) have contended that there are bunches of circles and openings to hop through

Nature or Nurture: Case for an Integrated Life-Span Approach

Nature or Nurture: Case for an Integrated Life-Span Approach There has been a discussion seething, now and again discreetly, some of the time not, concerning why people are how they are. Most presently understand that there is a gigantic connection between the declaration of the qualities that we are given and the condition that shapes the setting for development and improvement. Think about indistinguishable twins, isolated during childbirth, that grow up with no contact yet are amazingly comparable (Santrock 1999, p. 65). Then again, consider youngsters who have encountered expanded partition from guardians and where set in a shelter. In spite of the fact that they tried as being formatively hindered, depending, if the were received before six years old, they indicated momentous recuperation while those remaining â€Å"institutionalized† never worked ‘normally’ (Cole 1989, pp. 251-252). Obviously, it's anything but a ‘all-or-none’ recommendation. Indeed, even inside a worldview of an intelligent procedure, the early scholars would in general accept that improvement occurred in adolescence and one’s grown-up years basically played out the advancement of one’s youth. While there is basically all inclusive understanding that the formative establishment laid during early stages, youth and pre-adulthood can't be downplayed in significance, in the last 30-40 years, there is a developing across the board acknowledgment that improvement is long lasting procedure. Named the â€Å"life-length approach†, it expressly perceives a four-overlap way to deal with understanding both turn of events and brain research, thinking about natural, ecological, social and social components (Cole, 1989, p. 11). The instance of David, Ruth, Mei Ling and Mrs. Earthy colored speaks to a circumstance which essentially requests the utilization of such a methodology. One the accompanying pages are tables which presents every individual, their formative issues by point of view and a brain research synopsis using differing scholars to ‘explain’ their ebb and flow quandary. Notwithstanding the essential thought of David and Ruth, Mei Ling is likewise introduced to her critical job in the elements of David and Ruth’s circumstance. The life expectancy approach, by prudence of its numerous points of view, thinks about that science and ecological thought are just substantial with regards to social and social structures. With this methodology, it is conceivable to start compromise of in any case regularly contending hypotheses. A further commitment of this strategy is that is perceived as having seven exceptionally important qualities (Santrock 1999, pp.9-11): Deep rooted in nature †Unlike a few ideal models, the life expectancy approach believes improvement to be progressing all through life, not only a youth procedure. Multidimensional †There are regularly different variables for some random result or conduct. Similarly as David communicates uncertain nervousness from his ‘abandonment’, he is likewise baffled by work pressures and the requests of his new family role(s). Multidirectional †Elements of one’s advancement don't generally improve with age. For instance, one’s physical capacities improve until early-adulthood and afterward start to diminish. This is a key component for this situation for Mrs. Earthy colored who, because of an ongoing disease, has become out of nowhere significantly more mindful of her slowly expanding reliance on others to perform errands for which she as of late required no help. Plastic †In resistance to an unadulterated â€Å"nature† approach, advancement isn't fixed however one should remember that, regardless of how enthusiastically one attempts, ‘a pig can't be educated to sing’. Plainly, science gives one certain possibilities that are communicated by ecological or other incitement. Truly Embedded †Development is dependent upon the more extensive natural setting of history. For instance, a youngster in the 1950’s is diverse in numerous regards that an offspring of this decade, in spite of encountering a considerable lot of the equivalent psychodynamic issues and stages. Multi-Disciplinary †One can't be a researcher and completely comprehend human turn of events however this point of view is basic. Similarly, one can't be an unadulterated behaviorist and hope to represent the width and broadness of improvement. Relevant †Biology follows up on and with social, social and mental elements. Thus, the encounters one has shapes the outflow of natural components of improvement. While most any part of David and Ruth’s current circumstance can be clarified by the use of at least one hypothetical points of view, it is the life expectancy approach that permits them to meet up in one strong â€Å"story†. Lamentably, it is just by and large, as a rule, that advancement can be full comprehended. To outline, consider the figure beneath. One can without much of a stretch clarify the â€Å"path† from E to A with the advantage of the point of view of thinking back. In any case, consider that one would just have a 1/256 possibility at showing up at E given the decisions that current themselves at each â€Å"juncture of life† (Cole 1989, p. 263). In clarifying any given circumstance, the life expectancy approach looks to exploit all accessible data from the two sides of the nature/support banter. While no strategy can move toward the exactness of knowing the past, the understanding offered by the acknowledgment that individuals are ever creating and are not all that handily comprehended by a solitary way of thinking gives colossal capacity to the capacity of brain research to make important commitments to those amidst the battles of life. Works Consulted Santrock, J. (1999). Life expectancy Development, seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill College: Boston, Massachusetts. Cole, M. what's more, Cole. S. (1989). The Development of Children. Logical American Books: New York, New York. Gleitman, H.(1986). Brain research, second Edition. W.W. Norton Company: New York, New York.

Sometimes Al-Anon Members Choose Divorce

Sometimes Al-Anon Members Choose Divorce Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Print Sometimes Al-Anon Members Choose Divorce Al-Anon Has Saved Many Alcoholic Marriages, But Not All By Donna T. Updated on September 19, 2019 Sometimes Wives of Alcoholics Choose Divorce. © Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Personal Stories Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Participation in Al-Anon Family Group meetings has saved many alcoholic marriages. Often, when spouses of alcoholics join Al-Anon and begin working the program, theyre able to develop coping skills that allow them to find contentment and even happiness whether the alcoholic is still drinking or not. However, it doesnt always work that way, because sometimes they find the courage to change and leave. This is Donnas story. I divorced two alcoholics. Not until after I was married to the second alcoholic, became active in Al-Anon and also benefitted from private family treatment programs, did I learn the symptoms of alcoholism and realize that the previous husband had also been alcoholic. During the years of my intense involvement in Al-Anon, the message I heard - accurately or inaccurately - and what I read in the original ODAT (One Day At A Time) suggested that there was a strong possibility the breaking down of my marriage could be reversed if I would change. How Al-Anon Can Help Making Sense of Conflicting Messages Specifically, the December 30th page cited in the contents under Divorce stated: If I want to make a major change which affects other lives as well, let me first consider the possible outcome. Have I really tried to examine and correct my own faults? Is there a way for me to improve my attitude? I will let the great decision wait until I have tried that! That was followed by this quote: The truly wise solution may lie in improving myself. Because I had already accepted Al-Anons first step, We admitted we were powerless over alcohol - that our lives had become unmanageable, I found myself trying to make sense out of what seemed to be conflicting messages. Coming to Terms With Reality I worked hard on my own recovery from having become co-dependent. I kept my sponsor, talking with her almost daily, but I switched to a different Al-Anon group. My reading of Al-Anon conference approved literature as well as articles and books about alcoholism continued. Eventually, I came to terms with these beliefs: I was powerless over alcohol.I had stopped enabling.I could stand on my head and spit nickels and have no effect on the alcoholics behavior.The alcoholic demonstrated no desire to change.The alcoholic appeared to be someone incapable of being honest, least of all with himself.I had stopped feeling and behaving as if I were a victim.I had the emotional strength to leave what had become a travesty of a marriage. I Walked Away From the Marriage I also recognized the profound meaning behind this statement: Whatever I do that is correct for me is automatically correct for those around me. This belief is bogus if there is any selfishness lurking within a motive. I filed for divorce and walked away from an alcoholic who volunteered he was not good marriage material. I also walked away from years of emotional and psychological abuse. I walked away from something that could have been a success. The marriage itself was powerless over alcohol; its many positive ingredients could not withstand persistent doses of alcohol poisoning. -- Donna Note: Donna Thompson is the publisher of Challenges, in which she writes her featured column, Get A Life, a publication for people in recovery and their families. Alcoholics and Abusive Relationships

Can One Survive Without College Education

Study well at school, go to a college, graduate, find a high-paying, stable job, work hard and live happily ever after – this is the mantra people all over the world have been repeating for the last hundred years. And it was a right thing to believe in during the industrial age. But the industrial age is no more; the world has firmly entered the territory of the information age, and many people today believe that it is time to go over the preconceptions that seem self-obvious. For example, the necessity of college education for achieving success. And it becomes glaringly obvious that the times when a college degree was a sure-fire guarantee of an affluent life have passed. With more and more people getting a degree every year the comparative value of each degree gets diluted, and we see the results: a large percentage of graduates are simply incapable of finding jobs – or, at least, jobs they studied for. We live in curious times: as college degree is no longer a guarantee of a good job, the issue of surviving with college education becomes as viable as that of surviving without one, and there hardly can be a definite answer as to which is harder. After all, unemployed graduates usually have student loans to repay, loans that are biting even for the budget of a well-paid specialist, let alone a person with no job and no immediate prospects of one. We don’t try to prove that college education is completely unnecessary or even detrimental to achieving success; we simply try to show that there can be different opinions. In addition to that, you should define what you understand by ‘success’ before you start thinking about this subject. If your goal is a stable high-paid job, then college education may and will be of help, for it is impossible to enter many fields without one. Medical professionals, engineers, lawyers, government officials are all well-paid positions you cannot get until you receive a corresponding degree. If you manage to find your place in the system, you are set up for life – or at least until the next recession. If, however, you want to earn a lot of money, live a dynamic life, set goals and achieve them, then spending several years in college may turn out to be a tremendous waste of time – and the most productive time of your life, mind you. There are numerous professions that don’t require higher education to find well-paid jobs in, and here we talk about the jobs of the future: programmers, app developers, web-designers and other IT specialists, for example. You don’t need college education to start your own small business – or you do need education, but not the one you can get in college. Real estate brokers, pilots, construction managers, executive chefs – all these are extremely high-paid jobs in industries where no one cares about your degrees, only about your ability to work. And rest assured, the greater part of higher education adds nothing to your ability to survive in real world.

Drug Testing Is Becoming More And More Prevalent Today

Drug testing is becoming more and more prevalent in today’s society. Dr. Ozminkowki claims that â€Å"Over 80% of the large employers in the United States use some form of testing to detect drug use† (Ozminkowski et al. 151) Ever since drug testing was introduced in the 1980’s, there has been a debate over its use. Before this is discussed in detail, I will begin by defining drug testing. According to dictionary.com drug testing is â€Å"any test administered to detect the presence of drugs, esp. from a blood or urine sample and esp. for illegal substances.† This definition in hand, I will now elaborate on the four main different types of drug testing commonly performed. The four main types are pre-employment testing, random drug testing, post-incident drug testing, and diagnostic screening. The only types of drug testing this paper concerns is random drug testing, the process of randomly selecting a portion of employees to be drug tested, and pre-employ ment drug testing, the process of testing new applicants for drugs prior to hiring. The main purpose of random drug testing is deterrence. This is supposed to work because the drug test could happen at any time; the drug user does not have enough time to eliminate all the drugs from their body as with a pre-employment test. Although there are concerns with the cost, invasion of privacy, and security of drug testing, drug testing should be done to deter workers from drug use because drug use is a major health concern and costsShow MoreRelatedWhy Prostitution Should Be Legalized1411 Words   |  6 Pagesothers are soliciting on Back Page. Human trafficking rings are being discovered all throughout the United States. Massage parlors are being used as a front for housing prostitution. 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Nutrition Discussion Set 1 Free Essays

NUTR 2202 DISCUSSION SET I CHAPTERS 1-5 1. (30 points) Using Appendix H in your textbook: †¢ Fill in the calories, carbohydrate, fat and its components (sat, poly, mono, trans), and fiber values for each food/beverage in the table found on the last page of this Discussion Set. Remember to look at the portion and adjust values if the portion in the table is different than that listed in Appendix H. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition Discussion Set 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Add each column to get a total for all nutrients. Please answer this question by filling in the chart. TIP: we will also use this day’s intake for DS2 and DS3. Highlight the entries in your text and you won’t have to find them again. 2. (35 points) Using the example for how to calculate the energy from food (page 10 in the text): †¢ Determine what percentage of the calories for this day’s intake were from carbohydrate (CHO), total fat, and each type of fat. Percentage of the Calories from CHO: 41% Percentage of the Calories from total fat: 48% Sat. Fat: 17% Mono Fat: 8% Poly Fat: 4% Trans Fat: 3% †¢ Show or explain your calculations. To find the % of the calories that were from carbs I took the total amount of carbs consumed for the day (380. 3 g) and multiplied it by 4kcal/g (380. 3 x 4) to get 1521. 3 kcal. I then divided that product by my total overall calories for the day (3736. 5) to give me . 407, and from there a multiplied that number by 100 to give me 41%. *I used the same format for the remaining calculations. * Total Fat: 200. 3 x 9 = 1802. 7†¦.. 1802. 7/3736. 5 = . 482†¦. 0. 482 x 100 = 48% Sat Fat: 72. 55 x 9 = 652. 95†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦652. 95/3736. 5 = . 174†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦0. 74 x 100 = 17% Mono Fat: 34. 55 x 9 = 310. 95†¦.. 310. 95/3736. 5 = . 083†¦.. 0. 083 x 100 = 8% Poly Fat: 18. 1 x 9 = 162. 9†¦.. 162. 9/3736. 5 = . 043†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 0. 043 x 100 = 4% Trans Fat: 13 x 9 = 117†¦. 117/3736. 5 = . 031†¦.. 0. 031 x 100 = 3% †¢ Compare the CHO and total fat values to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. The % of calories from carbs fell just short of A MDR’s range of 45 – 65% with a percentage of 41%. The % of calories from total fats was good amount over AMDR’s range of 20 – 35% with a percentage of 48% . (20 points) Using the information in Highlight 1 in your textbook, find a credible website that has nutrition and/or health information that is of interest to you: www. healthypeople. gov †¢ Give at least 3 ways you determined it was reliable. 1. The web address ends in â€Å". gov†. 2. The web page is often updated and its last update was on Thursday, September 20, 2012. 3. The web site is managed by the U. S Department of Health and Human Services and it states this at the bottom of each page of the website. Provide a summary of the information provided by the website and how it will be helpful to you (beyond what you have learned in the text). Healthy People is a scientifically based website that provides objectives and opportunities to help improve the health and lifestyles of all Amer icans. The website gives you multiple different topics regarding health (anything from Nutrition and Weight status to topics about Cancer) to help better inform you about the topic, how to act on the topic, and institutions/interventions working on the topic. It will be helpful to me because it provides me with information about some topics that I might not have known very much about, and if I am passionate or am directly affected by a topic, it gives me many different ways on how to act on the topic. 4. (10 points) What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers? What is recommended treatment? The most common cause is due to H. pylori bacterial infection. Recommended treatment is to treat for infection, eliminate any food that routinely causes indigestion or pain, and avoid coffee and caffeine- and alcohol- containing beverages. 5. 10 points) In your own words, describe the difference in soluble and insoluble fibers, including how they impact our health. Soluble fibers dissolve/absorb in contact with water and essentially swell up to form a gel like substance. Soluble fibers impact our health in that they help aid in keeping blood glucose at a moderate level and lowering cholesterol. Insoluble fibers are the exact opposite of soluble fibe rs in that they do not dissolve or absorb in water and pass through our digestive system with little or no change. Insoluble fibers help greatly with intestinal health (i. . hemorrhoid and constipation prevention). USE THE LABEL INFORMATION ON THE LAST PAGE of the Discussion Set FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE QUESTIONS. SHOW ANY CALCULATIONS NEEDED TO ARRIVE AT YOUR ANSWERS. 6. (10 points) What percentage of your AI for fiber would 2 servings of this food contribute to your day’s intake? My AI for fiber would be at right about 41 grams, therefore, 2 servings of this cereal (14 g fiber) would contribute to 29% of my day’s intake (14/41 = . 292†¦.. 0. 292 x 100 = 29. 2=29%). 7. (10 points) What type of fiber do you think is included in this food? I think it included both soluble and insoluble fiber because it has both oats (which contain soluble) and bran (which contain insoluble). 8. (5 points) What is the predominant ingredient in this food? Whole Oats 9. (10 points) Does this product contain trans fat? Tell me what information on the label justifies your answer. No, because it shows 0 grams next to trans-fat in the nutrition label, but even then some foods can still contain trans-fat even if it says 0g so I had to look at the ingredients to check to see if hydrogenated/ partially hydrogenated was in the list and in this case it was not. 0. (10 points) Would this be considered a low-fat food? Why or why not? No, because generally for it to be considered a low fat food it needs to have 3g or less fat per serving, and this product has 7g. 5 EC points: is your computer file named correctly? [pic] NOTE—this page is in Landscape format so it will be wider than the previous pages and, if you print it out, should print in t he Landscape orientation. FOOD |PORTION |CALORIES (kcal) |Carbohydrate (g) |FAT (g) | Sat (g) | Mono (g) | Poly (g) | Trans (g) |FIBER (g) | |Breakfast | | | | | | | | | | |Skim milk |1. cups |124. 5 kcal |18. 3 g |0. 3 g |0. 15 g |0. 15 g |0 g |——— |0 g | |Cracklin’ Oat Bran |1 cup |267 kcal |46. 7 g |9. 3 g |4. 0 g |4. 7 g |1. 3 g |0 g |8. 0 g | |A. M. Snack | | | | | | | | | | |Popcorn (popped in oil) |2 cups |128 kcal |10. 0 g |9. 6 g |1. 6 g |2. 2 g |5. 2 g |——– |1. 8 g | |Kool-Aid |16 oz. |216 kcal |55. 6 g |0 g | 0 g |0 g |0 g |——– |0. 4 g | |Lunch | | | | | | | | | | |Jack in the Box. Ultimate Cheeseburger |1 |1010 kcal |53. 0 g |71. 0 g |28. 0 g |——– |——- |3. 0 g |2. g | |Jack in the Box Onion Rings |1 serving |500 kcal |51. 0 g |30. 0 g |6. 0 g |——— |——— |10 g |3. 0 g | |Coke (regular) |12 oz. |136 kcal |35. 2 g |0. 1 g |0 g |0 g |0 g |——- |0 g | |P. M. Snack | | | | | | | | | | |Peanut Butter cookies |3 |489 kcal |50. 7 g |27. 6 g |5. 1 g |14. 1 g |6. 9 g |——– |2. 7 g | |Tap Water |2 cups |0 kcal |0 g |0 g | 0 g | 0 g | 0 g | 0 g | 0 g | |Dinner | | | | | | | | | | |Potato, baked (flesh only) |? cup |57 kcal |13. 1 g |0. 1 g |0 g |0 g |0 g |——— |0. g | |Butter |3 tablespoons |306 kcal |0 g |34. 5 g |21. 9 g |9. 0 g |1. 2 g |——— |0 g | |Ham, cured, boneless, 11% fat, roasted |6 ounces |302 kcal |0 g |15. 4 g |5. 4 g |3. 8 g |2. 4 g |———- |0 g | |Yellow sweet corn, boiled, drained |1 cup |178 kcal |41. 2 g |2. 2 g |0. 4 g |0. 6 g |1 g |———- |4. 6 g | |Strawberries, raw |? cup |23 kcal |5. 5 g |0. 2 g |0 g |0 g |0. 1 g |——— |1. 4 g | | TOTALS | ———————- |3736. 5 kcal |380. 3 g |200. 3 g |72. 55 g |34. 55 g |18. 1 g |13 g | 24. 8 g | | How to cite Nutrition Discussion Set 1, Papers

On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. Essay Example

On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. Paper On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species described in great detail a means to explain the theory of evolution through natural selection. Within his work he makes many observations in relation to the heritability of acquired characteristics. As he describes the effects of artificial selection, he dawns on the topic of â€Å"The effects of habit and of the use or disuse of parts; correlated variation; inheritance†(Darwin, p10). Darwin makes the observation, when speaking of domesticated mammals, that â€Å"not one of our domesticated animals can be named which has not in some country drooping ears the drooping is due to the disuse of muscles of the ear, from the animals being seldom much alarmed†(Darwin, p10). Darwin argues that the increased use or disuse of parts in an animals lifetime result in heritable variation that can be passed on to their offspring. This variation he argues, is the basis for which animals develop advantageous traits and lose deleterious ones. Darwin bases his theory of heritable variation on the theory of acquired heritability, and the use and disuse principle, which was proposed by Lamarck. Being the predominant idea at the time the theory of Use and disuse states that, â€Å"use would cause the structure to increase in size over several generations, whereas disuse would cause it to shrink or even disappear†(Waggoner 1996). We will write a custom essay sample on On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on On the Inheritance of Acquired Traits and the Theory of Use and Disuse. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His second principle, or the idea of acquired heritability states that, â€Å"all such changes were heritable†(Waggoner 1996). Using these principles Darwin attempted to describe the relationships between organisms, the variation that resulted in speciation, and the evolutionary implications of those postulates. Lamarck’s theories provided a mechanism by which Darwin could explain natural selection and evolution, and in this respect they were invaluable. These theories however, are now known to be incorrect. The first principle of use and disuse can be dis-proven by the modern evolutionary principle that natural selection can act only on variability already present within a population. Genetic variation is already present in natural populations and selection acting on this variation results in evolution. The second principle of acquired heritability can be disproved under this same idea. Any particular advantageous trait(s) that an organism may develop during their lifetime, is a result of a genetic basis for that trait already present in the population or that may have arisen through mutation. The fitness increase caused by such a trait would result in the fixation of that trait in a population, so it would seem that an advantageous trait was inherited as a result of the parent organism developing that trait through use or disuse. Without a genetic background to explain heritability Lamarck’s theories made the most sense at the time. Since Darwin’s elaboration on the theory of evolution and heritability, numerous genetic experiments have taken place to attempt to provide a better understanding of the laws of heritability. Darwin makes several assertions within the first chapter of On the Origin of Species that defend his ideas to this day. His idea of correlated variation, or the idea that certain traits are associated with each other is explained by the statement that, â€Å"if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting any peculiarity, he will almost certainly modify unintentionally other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of correlation†(Darwin, p11). What Darwin was referring to, although he didn’t know it, was idea of genetic linkage, or that certain traits are associated with others through genetic linkage on a genome. Darwin used the domestication of the canine as an example of artificial selection to aid in his explanation of heritable variation. He focuses on the idea that while the domestic dog is one species, a significant degree of variation can be seen within that species that has been acquired over time. The large degree of variation seen in domestic dogs can be explained by a domestication experiment conducted on foxes. Through genetic mapping scientist have been able to â€Å"identify a locus that is orthologous to, and therefore validates, a genomic region recently implicated in the domestication of dogs†(Kukekova et al. 2011). This locus is significant because selection for a behavioral trait can cause the selection of several phenotypic changes associated with that trait. Because of the prescience of a discrete locus for tame vs. aggressive behavior the canine and other related species were predisposed for domestication by humans. The subsequent phenotypic variation that followe d with the domestication of dogs was due to the prescience of alleles associated with the locus for tame behavior. Domestication presents the unique result that, â€Å"when subjected to domestication, animals whose evolutionary pathways did not cross, started to evolve in the same direction†(Kukekova et al. , 2011). The species of mammals that have been domesticated, show similar morphological changes associated with tame behavioral patterns(see figure 2). Darwin suggested that certain features shared by domestic animals are a result of their domestication, when in actuality it is the reverse effect. Certain features shared by domestic animals are the result of their ancestral varieties being predisposed to domestication because of variation already present in their natural populations. The commonalities shared among domesticates of multiple species rules out the idea that these animals acquired those traits due to environmental factors. Environmental factors are so variable, that it would be impossible if not highly improbable that the majority of domesticated mammals would develop such similar characteristics. In addition, â€Å"it seems unlikely that these similar trends of morphological and physiological transformation of different domestic animals depend on homology-independent mutations of structural homologous genes†(Trut et al. , 2009). The association between a docile nature, and distinct morphological changes seen across multiple species suggests that these animals share a similar genetic structure and share a common ancestor. A shared, relatively recent common ancestor would explain why highly divergent species under selection for a particular trait would evolve similar characteristics. Another observation that Darwin poses as evidence for acquired heritability, and one of the most well know is that of the giraffe and its long neck. Darwin presents that, â€Å"the giraffe, by its lofty stature, much elongated neck, forelegs, head and tongue, has its whole frame beautifully adapted for browsing on the higher branches of trees. It can thus obtain food beyond the reach of the other Ungulata or hoofed animals inhabiting the same country; and this must be a great advantage to it during dearths†(Darwin, p104). Darwin goes on to suggest that over time as giraffes stretched their necks farther, those that could reach the highest branches and used their long necks to the greatest advantage would pass those traits on to their offspring. Studies have shown however, that this observation is flawed because of multiple disadvantages that giraffes suffer as a result of their long necks, and behavioral tendencies of the species that suggest it provides no particular advantage during dearths. The first flaw with Darwin’s observations of the giraffe stem from the fact that if giraffes possessed a truly significant advantage over other ungulata, then why aven’t more long necked species evolved? In addition, why haven’t shorter species of ungulata suffered greatly or gone extinct in prolonged periods of dearth? Evidence suggests that, â€Å"animals frequently feed at shoulder level during winter bottlenecks, when their neck should assist them in gaining a feeding height advantageâ € (Simmons and Altwegg, 2009). Feeding at lower heights rules out the idea that the giraffe’s long neck provides a significant advantage over other species during dearth. Many studies have suggested that the long necks have evolved through sexual selection, as males use their necks in mating displays, as well as for male-male competition for females. The males with larger necks tend to be preferred by oestrous females and more commonly win contests for access to females(Simmons and Altwegg, 2009). If one looks at physiology of a giraffe there are many disadvantages to their elongated neck and bone structure. As the neck grows longer more energy is required to pump blood to the brain and there is a greater probability that an organism will sustain injury due to elongated limbs(Mitchell and Skinner, 2003). When giraffes drink water they must spread their forelimbs in an awkward position that takes time and increases their vulnerability to predators. A disadvantage such as their inability to reach the ground from standing position suggests that giraffes most likely evolved their long necks from sexual selection pressure, which can select for traits that could potentially decrease lifespan in return for increased reproductive success. The disadvantages to the giraffes long neck coupled with its relatively limited advantages rule out the possibility that they gained this trait through acquired heritability, or even natural selection. While Darwin was mistaken about the mechanism by which organisms acquired advantageous traits, he made many accurate observations and was able to make many accurate predictions from those observations that still hold true today. Regardless of his lack of knowledge of the laws of heritability, Darwin was able to describe correlated variation in great detail, and elaborate on its importance to the heritability of traits. Darwin provided a logical analysis of his observations and provided a solid basis for which other scientists could test and elaborate on his theories. Lastly, Darwin’s observations were accurate and logical however, because he lacked a mechanism for which to describe how traits were inherited, he based his assumptions on the theories of acquired heritability and use/disuse, which we know now to be incorrect. (from Trut. et al. 2009) References: 1. Darwin, Charles. (1859). On the Origin of Species. London: John Murray. 2. Waggoner, B. (1996). Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829). UCMP Berkeley. http://www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/history/lamarck. html 3. Kukokeva, A. V. et al. (2011). Mapping Loci for Fox Domestication: Deconstruction/Reconstruction of a Behavioral Phenotype. Behav Genet, 41: 593-606. 4. Trut, L. et al. (2009). Animal Evolution During Domestication: the domesticated fox as a model. BioEssays, 31: 349-360. 5. Simmons, R. E. , Altwegg, R. (2009). Necks-for-sex or Competing Browsers? A Critique of Ideas on the Evolution of the Giraffe. Journal of Zoology, 282: 6-12. 6. Mitchell, G. , Skinner, J. D. (2003). On the Origin, Evolution and Phylogeny of Giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 58(1): 51-73.